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MacCurdy—Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter. 511 

Art. XLVI. — The Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter ; 
by George Grant MacCurdy. With Plate IY. 

Of the several dozen rock shelters in the State of Connecti¬ 
cut, that at Pine Rock in High wood, a suburb of New Haven, 
was in many respects the most important. In addition to its 
occupancy by the Indians, it has an interesting geological 
history. 

To the tens of thousands who annually attend the games at 
Yale Field, West Rock is a familiar feature. Because of its 
proximity to the main artery of travel between New York and 
Boston, East Rock is known to even greater numbers. These 
are only two of New Haven’s four rocks. They form two of 
the principal parks. The other two, though smaller and in 
private Jiands, add to the grandeur of New Haven’s natural 
setting. They rise from the plain between and are so related 
to the two greater rocks as to form with these a series of four 
convenient stepping stones for the Sleeping Giant* of Mount 
Carmel were he to wake from his long sleep. The names of 
the four rocks in succession are East Rock, Mill Rock, Pine 
Rock, and West Rock. 

The rock shelter formerly known as the “Cave” was on the 
southern face of Pine Rock. J. W. Barberf gives, perhaps, 
the first published account of it: 

“ At the base of this rock there was formerly a cave well 
known to the inhabitants of New Haven as ‘Fry’s Cave,’ so 
called from being first occupied by a family of that name, who 
retained possession of it for several years. In front of this 
cave there was a small patch of ground which they converted 
into a neat garden. They obtained a subsistence principally 
by money received from those who visited their habitation, and 
by begging. The family of Frys left the cave in 1826, and its 
next occupants were a colored man and his wife, named Mc¬ 
Daniel. These two persons lived in this cave about a year, 
supporting themselves by making baskets, but in consequence 
of the death of Mac (as he was commonly called) the cave was 
deserted. The falling of rocks from above has ruined the 
habitation and garden, which now has the appearance of a 
heap of rubbish.” 

Mrs. Rhoda Wolcutt of 729 Dixwell Avenue, still living at 
the age of 92, is able to supplement Barber’s account. She 
remembers when “Mac” and “Clo” lived in the Cave. When 

* Now being beheaded by the Connecticut Trap Rock Co. 
f History and antiquities of New Haven, Conn. New Haven, 1831. The 
location of “ Fry’s Cave ” is indicated on Barber’s map. 


512 Mac Curdy — Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter. 

her father, Chester Ailing, killed game he used to send 
some of it by his little daughter, Rhoda, as a gift to the old 
colored pair. Mrs. Wolcutt says she was very fond of going 
to the Cave, and often staid with Mac, who was an invalid, 


Fig. 1. 



Fig. 1. Contour map of Pine Rock; the Cave is at v. After J. D. Dana. 

while Clo went of errands or was away to do a day’s washing. 
They, or some one before them, had built up an artificial front 
to the cave. Within there were a board floor, cupboard, two 

Fig. 2. Fig. 3. 



Fras. 2 3. Section of the dike at Pine Rock. Fig. 2, the dike between 
the sandstone walls, before denudation. Fig. 3, the dike after denudation 
After J. D. Dana. 

or three chairs,, and a table; but there was no stove, only a 
rude fireplace with stones for andirons, and no chimney 'The 
place was perfectly dry; and according to Mrs. Wolcutt, the 
inmates “ really lived like folks.” Finally, Mac died; and Clo 











Mac Curdy—Passing of a Connecticut Pock Shelter. 513 

feeling that she could not live there alone, departed, but not 
until after she had pulled down the artificial front. Another 
colored man and his wife came and took possession of the cave 
for a time, although they never made any attempt to rebuild 
the front, finding evidently that the cave met their needs well 
enough just as it was. 

Mr. W. H. Farnham (brother of the last owner of the Cave), 
who has lived at the Farnham homestead on Crescent street 
for sixty-four years, says that the last occupant of the Cave, 
Indian George, continued to live there until about 1856. 
Indian George, who had “ distinctly Indian features,” lived 
there alone for years as hunter and trapper with only the addi¬ 
tional protection that a brush front to the Cave afforded. 

The first geological description of Pine Pock is from the 
pen of James Gates Percival*: 

“ Crossing an isthmus of the New Haven and Hamden plain 
at the passage of the Farmington Canal, we meet a similar dike¬ 
like range, that of Pine Pock, directed W.S.W. towards the 
S.E. point of West Pock. This forms a nearly straight ridge, 
occupied in its eastern part by a higher, more uniform line of 
trap, abrupt to the South, where it apparently sinks below the 
level of the adjoining plain, and bordered on the North by a 
highly inclined mass of indurated (porphyroid) sandstone.” 

Percival makes no mention of the Cave, or the sandstone 
formation on the south, which had been removed by nature 
to form it. The next notable contribution to the geology 
of Pine Rock was by Professor James I). Dana.f Pine Rock, 
like all the rocks previously mentioned, is composed chiefiy of 
trap. According to Dana the width of the principal mass of 
trap (figs. 1-3) at Pine Rock is 300 feet, making it “ one of 
the widest dikes.” The dip of the dike is 50° to 55° north¬ 
westward, giving to the protecting wall of the Cave an incline 
of 35° to 40° from vertical. A section of the dike and the 
sandstone abutting on each side before denudation took place 
is seen in fig. 2; while a section through the Cave is repro¬ 
duced in fig. 4. Both Dana and Barrell believe that seashore 
waves and breakers were the chief agent in the removal of the 
sandstone on the south side, thus resulting in the formation of 
the Cave. The surface of the overhanging wall of trap was of 
fine texture and fissured, showing that it cooled in contact with 
the sandstone. 

The maximum overhang of the wall of trap was fifteen to 
twenty feet and the habitable portion of the Cave extended for 
at least one hundred feet along the rock. It was a dry and 
sunny shelter, facing the southeast. Since being vacated by 

* Report on the geology of the State of Conn. New Haven, 1842. 
f On the four rocks of the New Haven region. New Haven, 1891. 


514 Mac Curdy—Passing of a Connecticut Rock Skelter. 

Indian George, Pine Rock and its Cave had been visited 
by many classes in geology, but no one suspected that it had 

been an Indian habitation. _ TT _ . . T7 . , 

Prior to 1910, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Woodcock of High- 
wood, local collectors of Indian relics, had noted the presence 
of quartz and other chips on the surface. The city having 
failed to take advantage of an opportunity to buy Pine Rock 
at a reasonable price for park purposes, it was recently par¬ 
titioned among three or four local concerns that exploit trap 
rock. That part containing the Cave fell to the lot of A. N. 

Fig. 4. 



Fig. 4. Section of the Cave as it appeared before the removal of the talus. 
The relic-bearing deposits are indicated by horizontal lines, beneath which 
is the level of the sand plain. 

t 

Farnham. When he began in 1910 to remove the talus from 
the Cave preparatory to blasting away the overhanging mass 
of rock, Mr. and Mrs. Woodcock not only established beyond a 
doubt the presence of a relic-bearing deposit, but were also 
able to gather nearly a hundred specimens, chiefly stone imple¬ 
ments. They found a considerable quantity of pottery frag¬ 
ments, but saved only a few pieces. Meanwhile other local col¬ 
lectors and even Mr. Farnham’s workmen were reaping an 
archeological harvest; a number of important specimens were 
also secured by the owner. 

The gradual spoliation of the Cave continued over a 
period of perhaps two years, until on October 18, 1912, 



Mac Curdy — Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter . 515 


Mr. E. C. Woodcock, of New Jersey, representing the Malt- 
zyme Company, called at the Museum to notify me. He had 
met the Woodcocks of Highwood and by them had been told 
of the Cave and the finds made there. That same afternoon I 
visited the Cave to tind it practically emptied. Near the east 
end were still to be seen a good many sea shells and fragments 
of bones. With Mr. Farnham’s permission, Messrs. Bostwick 
and Darby of the Museum staff were detailed by Prof. Schu- 
cliert to assist me in gathering faunal and other specimens from 
the kitchen refuse still remaining. In the search, continuing 
over a period of some three days, several stone implements were 
found. Cart loads of shells, broken bones, ashes, and black 
earth had already been removed, most of it going to Mr. Farn¬ 
ham’s market gardens. 

The condition of the Cave on the occasion of my first visit 
is shown in Plate IV. A few stone relics were picked up by 
the Museum staff in the unremoved talus at the right. Evi¬ 
dence of progress in the blasting away of the overhanging trap 
rock is seen in the upper left-hand corner. The man stands on 
the sand bench, which served as a floor for the Indian habita¬ 
tion and which is on the same level as the adjoining cultivated 
fields. A search of the field immediately in front of the shelter 
failed to reveal Indian relics. Mr. W. H. Farnham, however, 
has a collection of more than a hundred specimens, including 
some fine tomahawks and a gouge, gathered by him in former 
years from fields adjacent to the Cave; and the Woodcocks 
had previously found many artifacts in the field to the north¬ 
east of Pine Rock near the head of Beaver Brook. 

According to Professors Dana and Barrell, during an inter¬ 
glacial epoch the sea wore away the sandstone, thus undercut¬ 
ting the trap cliff and leaving the overhanging shelter. The last 
glaciation swept away all the talus, and upon its retreat the over¬ 
flowing waters deposited the sand and gravel plains on which 
New Haven is largely built; the one at Pine Rock is some 75 feet 
above the present level of the sea. After the retreat of the 
ice (no one knows how long after, the record having been de¬ 
stroyed), the Red Men came and made the shelter a home evi¬ 
dently for a considerable length of time. The principal deposit 
they left was exposed to view only after a talus covering of 
considerable thickness had been removed for road-making 
purposes. 

Copper coins bearing the following dates were found on the 
surface at the Cave by Carlo Davio : 1784 (or 1754), Georgius 
II Rex ; 1787 ; 1802, one cent, U. S.; and 1812 one cent. 

Another surface find, now in the possession of Mr. A. N. 
Farnham, is a large stone slab bearing the following incised 
inscriptions :* 

* The commas do not appear on the original. 


516 MacCurdy—Passing of a Connecticut Pock Shelter. 


Figs. 5 to 14. 



Fig. 5. Banner stone with tally marks along one margin. Fig 6 Semi¬ 
stone /l ; Fig. 8. Polished tomahawk of gre“n- 

9 ' R * P 1C ^ of trap rock. Fig. 10. Grinding stone. Fig 11 

all the others^e^pproximately^e-half.^ 1 ^' 12 * " size = 










Mac Curdy — Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter. 517 

1 X B 1753, 1 Forward 1753, Thomas Williams 1753, John 
Pell, Jeffrey Smith 1754, W. Williams, Ezra L’hommedieu. 

Both Mr. and Mrs. Woodcock insist that there was a thick 
solid layer of black earth and ashes resting on the sand beach. 
This layer contained many artifacts and a number of water- 
worn pebbles of various shapes and sizes carried there by the 
Indians and for the most part bearing marks of utilization; but 
very few angular pieces (talus) of trap were encountered. 
Above was a deposit of talus mixed with more or less black 
earth and ashes, in which artifacts were likewise found. 

If their observation was correct, one of two conclusions may 
be drawn : (1) The Indians came there so soon after the gla¬ 
cial retreat that a talus formation had not yet encroached upon 
the floor of the Cave ; or (2) finding talus there, they removed it. 
Ilad they taken up their abode on the talus covering, some 
black earth and ashes would have sifted through to tfie sand 
bench, but hardly enough to produce the effect of a deposit 
comparatively free from talus ; the presence of artifacts near 
the sand bench would be even more difficult to explain. 

In front of the most protected part of the shelter and near 
the top of the black layer were two or three wagon loads of 
shells. Farther to the east were heaps of bones of favorite 
game animals, chiefly the Virginia deer. Mr. and Mrs. Wood¬ 
cock estimated the thickness of the black layer at about three 
feet, which estimate w T ould seem to be confirmed by the 
author’s finding of a fish vertebra still sticking in a crevice of 
the rock at least three feet above the sand beach. 

The faunal remains,* exclusive of shell, include: Bear ( TJrsus 
americanus), Raccoon ( Procyon lotor\ Dog, Lynx, Gray Fox 
( Urocyon cinereoarye7iteu8),Vi&\)\\\(Cervus canadensis ), Beaver 
( Castor canadensis ), Porcupine {Erethizon dorsatus ), Gray 
Rabbit ( Lepus sylvaticus), Muskrat ( Fiber zibiticus), Gray 
Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Field Mouse (Arvicola ripa- 
ri%, Whitefooted Mouse ( Hesperomys leucopns ), Turkey (Mel- 
eagris gallopavo ), Snapping Turtle ( Chelydra serpentura ), 
Blackfish ( Labrus tautoga). Of human skeletal remains 
Messrs Bostwick and Darby found only two fragments : the 
upper portion of a bone of the forearm (radius) and a part of 
the left temporal and sphenoid. These came from the talus 
near the east end of the cave. 

The shells f comprise : Ostrea virginiana , Venus merce- 
naria , Pecten irradians, Mya arenaria, Modiola plicatula , 
llyanassa obsoleta, Tritia trivitatta, Balanus eburneus, Crep- 
idula convexa , Crepidulafornicata, Littorina irrorata Say, 
and common species of land shells. The presence of Littorina 

* Identified by Mr. George F. Eaton, 
f Identified by Prof. A. E. Yerrill. 


518 MaeCurdy—Passing of a Connecticut Pock Shelter. 

irrorata , no longer found north of the Florida coast, instead of 
Littorina littoria , living to-day on the Connecticut coast, sug¬ 
gests a considerable antiquity for the cave deposits. The same 



Spearheads and arrowheads, all one-half natural size. 

Figs. 15a, 16,19c, and 21 are of hornstone. Fig. 15b, trap. Figs. 19a, 
19b, quartz. Fig. 23, chert. 

is true concerning the presence of Wapiti, which at present is 
not found in the United States east of the Rockies. 

I continued to visit the Cave at intervals for a month. One 




Mac Curdy—Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter. 519 

day after an extra charge of dynamite had been set off loosen¬ 
ing an enormous mass of trap, the foreman warned me not to 
approach the Cave. That same evening at about 10 o’clock, 
with a “ roar that shook houses in the vicinity and awoke the 
inmates of Springside Home, ” a mass of rock estimated at 
thousands of tons, in fact all that remained of the overhang, 
and reaching up and hack to the top of Pine Rock, became 
dislodged and fell like an avalanche, burying several nearby 



Arrowheads and drills, all one-half natural size. 

Figs. 17, 18, are of quartz. Figs. 20. 22b, and 25a, hornstone. Fig. 22a, 
quartzite. Fig. 24, felsite porphyry. Fig. 25b, trap. 


pigpens owned by Mr. Farnham. The number of killed and 
injured swine is said to have been over two score. The work¬ 
men would have met a similar fate had the accident occurred 
during working hours. The noble shelter has completely 
disappeared, but thanks to the generosity of several local 
collectors, the Museum possesses the major part of the relics 
found there. The two-fold regret is that the removal of the 
deposits could not have been scientifically controlled, and that 
the shelter itself could not have been spared as a sort of out¬ 
door annex to the University Museum. Of the specimens 
figured all we know is that they came from the Cave. There 
is^ absolutely no record as to the relative positions of the 
various objects in the relic-bearing deposits. 


520 Mac Curdy—Passing of a Connecticut Rock Skelter. 

Compensating in part for the lack of scientific control in the 
removal of the deposits and the destruction of the shelter itself 
was the read} 7 and generous cooperation of nearly all the local 
collectors into whose hands specimens from the shelter had 
found their way. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Woodcock gave their 
series of nearly 100 specimens. Next in point of size was the 
combined gift of Frank, James, and Tony del Greco. Oscar 
and Harry Olson presented their collection of 24 specimens: 
and Wilbert Bennett, who had found but one artifact, gave 
that. Two small collections were purchased and the collection 
of Mr. Farnham, the owner, has been loaned to the Museum. 


Fig. 26a. 


Fig. 266. 



Figs. 26a, 266, Bone points ; fig. 26a is one-half, fig. 266, two-tbirds natu¬ 
ral size. 

The industrial remains from the Pine Bock Cave are similar 
to those to be seen in collections gathered from the cultivated 
fields of southern Connecticut. There is, for example, a single 
banner stone (fig 5); its height is somewhat greater than "its 
spread of wings and along one margin are several tally marks. 
Banner stones are not very plentiful in the state. The onlv 
semilunar knife (fig. 6) has an unusally sharp edge and a 
plain back. It is made of slate. Two quartz knives of simple 
workmanship are reproduced in figure 7. At least one of 
these is chipped from a watervvorn pebble, the original surface 
of which is retained over a portion of one side. 

Only one polished celt or tomahawk (fig. 8) has thus far been 












Mac Curdy—Passing of a Connecticut Pock Shelter . 521 

reported from the Cave. The surface is smoked and greasy as 
if it has been about the camp tire a good deal. A tomahawk 
of nearly the same shape was recently found by Mr. Dwight 
B. Pangburn, in a field bordering on Konold’s Pond, less than 
two miles northwest of Pine Bock. Both are of greenstone. 
Very little use was made of trap, the rock that formed the 
shelter. One of the few trap artifacts to reach the Museum is 
a rudely chipped pick (fig. 9). 

Several grinding stones made of pebbles were secured, the 
best one of which is seen in figure 10. A crude, partially 
grooved hammer of granite (fig. 11) is the only one of its kind 

Fig. 27. 



Fig. 27. Potsherd showing rim decoration. Natural size. 

reported. Equally crude are the large dagger (fig. 12) of 
schist, and a sinker (fig. 13) of the same material. The schist 
for these two specimens and the slate for the semilunar knife 
could have been obtained in the neighborhood of Maltby Lakes.* 
A fine leaf-shaped poniard or spearhead of hornstone is 
reproduced in figure 14. Of notched spearheads, also horn- 
stone, figure 15 is a good example. The arrowheads include 
the notched and triangular types. In two cases there is but a 
single lateral notch at the base ; one of these is reproduced in 
figure 16. Quartz and varieties of hornstone were chiefly used 
by the arrow-makers (figs. 17-21). There is one arrowhead of 
quartzite (fig. 22) with a very sharp point and finely retouched 
margins. Of flints there are but one or two cherty specimens 
(fig. 23). Drills were scarce. Two types are represented in 
figure 25. The one with narrow base is of hornstone and the 
other of trap. 

The scarcity of bone artifacts recovered is due in part 
perhaps to the fact that they did not attract the attention of 
* Rock determinations are by Professor Joseph Barrell. 



522 MacCurdy—Passing of a Connecticut Rock Shelter. 

the collectors so readily as did the stone artifacts. Only three 
specimens, all three bone points, were secured (fig. 26); as two 
of these were found by our Museum staff, the probability is 
that many more were carted away with the refuse. 

Of pottery a good many fragments were noted by the Wood¬ 
cocks. Neither they nor the other collectors thought it impor¬ 
tant to save the potsherds. The sherds preserved belong to 
two varieties, one of rather fine quality with decorated lip and 
neck (fig. 27), the other crude. Unfortunately it is not known 
at what level the pottery was encountered, or whether the two 
kinds were at the same or different levels. 

American archeology has always been handicapped by the 
lack of chronological data. These can never be supplied by 
surface finds. Among the possible sources of such data, caves 
and rock shelters should rightly be counted. The destruction 
therefore of a cave record like that at Pine Rock is nothing 
short of an archeological calamity. 


BD 1 2.8 



Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXXVIII, December, 1914 


Plate IV. 



The Cave at Pine Rock as it appeared on the occasion of the author’s first visit. 













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